What is the difference between Hard Link and Soft Link in Linux

Hard link: Hard link refers to "The specific location of physical data".

• Hard Link is a mirror copy of the original file.
• Hard links share the same inode.
• Any changes made to the original or Hard linked file will reflect the other.
• Even if you delete any one of the files, nothing will happen to the other hard links.
• But soft link which points to deleted hard link become a dangling soft link.
• You can't link a directory even within the same file system.
• Hard links can't cross file systems.

Soft link( also called symbolic link): Soft link refers to "A symbolic path indicating the abstract location of another file".

• Soft Link is a symbolic link to the original file.(more like windows shortcuts)
• Soft Links will have a different Inode value.
• Any changes made to the soft link will reflect the original file and its hard links.
• A soft link points to the original file. If you delete the original file, the soft link fails. It would become dangling symbolic link.
• If you delete the soft link, nothing will happen.
• You can link a directory using soft link on same file system and also on other file system.
• Soft links can cross file systems

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Bare Metal Recovery Solution Mondo Backup

Here's an interesting alternative to using CloneZilla and the likes for Bare Metal Recovery:

Mondo Rescue is a free (GPL) powerful disaster recovery suite for Linux (i386, x86_64, ia64) and FreeBSD (i386). It's packaged for multiple distributions (RedHat, RHEL, SuSE, SLES, Mandriva, Debian, Gentoo). It's basically the Linux equivalent of the powerful AIX mkcd / mkdvd.

It supports backups to tapes, disks, network and CD/DVD. It also supports multiple filesystems (ext2, ext3, JFS, XFS, ResierFS, VFAT and even NTFS), LVM, software and hardware Raid.

Example of using Mondo Rescue:

Generate a bootable DVD that also backs up /etc and can recover files running mondorestore:

# mondoarchive -OVr -d /dev/dvd -9 -I /etc -gF

Another interesting tool worth checking out is System Imager (automates Linux installs).

Configuring Sendmail RedHat /CentOS/Fedora

Configuring it is very simple. First you'll need the sendmail-cf package. Install it using yum:

[root@mail-server ~]# yum install sendmail-cf

Edit the file /etc/mail/sendmail.mc and add the following lines. Make sure you set your mail server domain name where it's bolded:

MASQUERADE_AS(yourdomain.com)dnl
MASQUERADE_DOMAIN(yourdomain.com)dnl

In the same file /etc/mail/sendmail.mc remove the "dnl" from the beginning of the lines so it will look like this:

LOCAL_DOMAIN(`localhost.localdomain')dnl
FEATURE(masquerade_envelope)dnl
FEATURE(masquerade_entire_domain)dnl

Save the file and compile it using m4:

[root@mail-server ~]# m4 /etc/mail/sendmail.mc > /etc/sendmail.cf

Send Sendmail a -HUP signal using kill or simply restart the daemon for the configuration changes to take effect:

[root@mail-server ~]# service sendmail restart

Testing your configuration using sendmail

And that's it! you're done. Just send yourself a test email to make sure it is really working:

[root@mail-server ~]# /usr/sbin/sendmail -t < mail.txt

Where the contents of the mail.txt file are:

Date: Wed Dec 1 08:41:54 2010
To: you@somewhere.com
Subject: The subject of the message
From: whatever@somewhere.com Body of message goes here

Testing your configuration using mutt

You can also use mutt to test, which is a bit simpler (and you can also add the -a parameter for file attachment):

[root@mail-server ~]# mutt -s "Test Email" you@somewhere.com < /dev/null