###KickStart [Unattended Installation]###
Kickstart helps to install system unattended. It uses kickstart configuration file and dhcp service for this.
In windows systems kickstart file is known as answer file.
###These are the steps happening.###
Server[dhcp+ks] client
1. asks IP and location of kickstart file
2.gives the info
3. Takes the ks.cfg file and mounts share of OS
###dhcp [nfs/ftp/http] + ks.cfg [nfs]###
The dhcp is using for getting IP for the client machine at first for instation and to get the location of Ks.cfg file. The remote installation image can be of NFS,HTTP or FTP. The kickstar file will be shared using NFS.
###KickStart Configuration###
package = system-config-kickstart
#yum -y install system-config-kickstart
#system-config-kickstart
Basic configuration
Default Language = English USA
Keyboard = U S English
Time Zone = Asia/Culcutta
Root Password = redhat
Confirm Password = redhat
check the encryption box
Target Architecture = x86,AMD64 or Intel EM64T
Check the reboot checkbox
Installation Method
Installaton method = Perform new installation
Choose the Installation Method = NFS //You can use HTTP or FTP if you want
NFS server = IP of the machine which contains NFS image of DVD
NFS directory = Path of NFS share
Boot Loader options
Install New Boot Loader
Use GRUB password if required
Install boot loader on MBR
Partition Information
Do not clear MBR
Remove all exisiting partitions //Removing linux partitions only wont work all time. Windows partitions will be deleted.
click add button and configure as required
Network Configuration
Click Add Network Devices button
Select the network device which is connected to ur machine
network type = DHCP or STATIC [manual]
Authentication
Authentication Configuration
check use shadow passwords
check use MD5
Firewall Configuration
Firewall Configuration
Security level = Disable firewall
SELinux = Disabled
Display Configuration
Check Configure the x-window system
In General Tab
Color Depth Resolution
8 1024*768 //Default 640*480 will give a blurred image
Default Desktop
Check Gnome
Check Start X window system on Boot
package selection
Nothing to do //We will add package lines
Pre-Installation Script
Add if wanted
Post-Installation Script
Add if wanted
Configuration over. Save the file. Open the file for further editing.
#vi ks.cfg
Add these lines - Otherwise it wont work.
key --skip
%packages
And these lines for Graphics
@admin-tools
@base
@base-x
@core
@dialup
@editors
@games
@gnome-desktop
@graphical-internet
@graphics
@java
@office
@printing
@sound-and-video
@text-internet
###Make it as NFS share###
copy the ks.cfg file to some dir and share it via NFS
#mkdir /kick
#cp ks.cfg /kick/
#vi /etc/exports
/kick *()
#exportfs -a
###DHCP Configuration###
Add these lines to DHCP Configuration file
#vi /etc/dhcpd.conf
filename "/kick/ks.cfg";
next-server 192.168.1.11; // [ip of the machine which contains kickstart file(ks.cfg)]
#service dhcpd restart
#service nfs restart
###Installation###
#Boot: linux ks
Have a break. The system will be ready when you get back!
Monday, December 20, 2010
Samba PDC domain controller on RedHat /Cent OS
Samba PDC is used for centralized authentication and domain control of Windows
operating systems.
Here we will set a samba PDC machine with domain name lap.work and create some
users. And we will check whether these users are able to login to this domain from different
machines.
In this example we are working on rhel5. It will also work on other distributions like RedHat, Centos, Fedora, etc.
Samba PDC Machine:
rhel 5.4
IP : 192.168.0.1
Windows Client:
Windows XP Professional SP2
Computer Name : lap-xp
Domain Name : lap.work
IP : 192.168.0.2
Installation:
Install samba packages:
[root@sambapdc ~]# yum install samba*
Configuration:
open the samba configuration file and make the following edits.
[root@sambapdc ~]# vim /etc/samba/smb.conf
Uncomment or edit the lines as shown below.
In global settings:
workgroup = lap.work #domain name
server string = Samba PDC Server #as host name. just to identify
netbios name = samba #netbios name for communication
local master = yes
preferred master = yes
domain master = yes
domain logons = yes
logon path = \\%L\Profiles\%U #profile entry
security = user
passdb backend = tdbsam
In share definishions:
[homes]
browseable = yes
writable = yes
[netlogon]
path = /home/netlogon
writable = no
[Profiles]
path = /home/profiles
create mask = 0755
directory mask = 0755
writable = yes #should give. Else you will get ACCESS DENIED errors
Now create the following directories:
[root@sambapdc ~]# mkdir -m 1777 /home/profiles
[root@sambapdc ~]# mkdir -m 1777 /home/netlogon
Attaching a windows machine:
Now create a group named machine and add a user with the name of windows client
[root@sambapdc ~]# groupadd -g 200 machine
[root@sambapdc ~]# useradd -d /dev/null -g 200 -s /sbin/nologin lap-xp$
Where lap-xp is the name of the machine we are attaching to samba PDC
[root@sambapdc ~]# smbpasswd -m -a lap-xp
Start the samba service:
[root@sambapdc ~]# service smb start
[root@sambapdc ~]# chkconfig smb on
Run testparm and test your configuration settings:
[root@sambapdc ~]# testparm
[root@sambapdc ~]# smbpasswd -a root
[root@sambapdc ~]# smbpasswd -e root
Add two more users for testing:
#useradd user1
#smbpasswd -a user1
#smbpasswd -e user
#useradd user2
#smbpasswd -a user2
#smbpasswd -e user2
[root@sambapdc ~]# service smb restart
On windows machine:
Right click the My Computer icon
Take properties
Take Computer name tab
Add the system to lap.work domain
you will be prompted for a username and password. Give root and its password.
System may need to restart
you can see that when we are logged as user1 a directory user1 will be created in /home/profiles
in samba PDC machine. This will be the home directory of that user. He will he able to login
from all machines in this domain and will be getting to this same directory.
:)
operating systems.
Here we will set a samba PDC machine with domain name lap.work and create some
users. And we will check whether these users are able to login to this domain from different
machines.
In this example we are working on rhel5. It will also work on other distributions like RedHat, Centos, Fedora, etc.
Samba PDC Machine:
rhel 5.4
IP : 192.168.0.1
Windows Client:
Windows XP Professional SP2
Computer Name : lap-xp
Domain Name : lap.work
IP : 192.168.0.2
Installation:
Install samba packages:
[root@sambapdc ~]# yum install samba*
Configuration:
open the samba configuration file and make the following edits.
[root@sambapdc ~]# vim /etc/samba/smb.conf
Uncomment or edit the lines as shown below.
In global settings:
workgroup = lap.work #domain name
server string = Samba PDC Server #as host name. just to identify
netbios name = samba #netbios name for communication
local master = yes
preferred master = yes
domain master = yes
domain logons = yes
logon path = \\%L\Profiles\%U #profile entry
security = user
passdb backend = tdbsam
In share definishions:
[homes]
browseable = yes
writable = yes
[netlogon]
path = /home/netlogon
writable = no
[Profiles]
path = /home/profiles
create mask = 0755
directory mask = 0755
writable = yes #should give. Else you will get ACCESS DENIED errors
Now create the following directories:
[root@sambapdc ~]# mkdir -m 1777 /home/profiles
[root@sambapdc ~]# mkdir -m 1777 /home/netlogon
Attaching a windows machine:
Now create a group named machine and add a user with the name of windows client
[root@sambapdc ~]# groupadd -g 200 machine
[root@sambapdc ~]# useradd -d /dev/null -g 200 -s /sbin/nologin lap-xp$
Where lap-xp is the name of the machine we are attaching to samba PDC
[root@sambapdc ~]# smbpasswd -m -a lap-xp
Start the samba service:
[root@sambapdc ~]# service smb start
[root@sambapdc ~]# chkconfig smb on
Run testparm and test your configuration settings:
[root@sambapdc ~]# testparm
[root@sambapdc ~]# smbpasswd -a root
[root@sambapdc ~]# smbpasswd -e root
Add two more users for testing:
#useradd user1
#smbpasswd -a user1
#smbpasswd -e user
#useradd user2
#smbpasswd -a user2
#smbpasswd -e user2
[root@sambapdc ~]# service smb restart
On windows machine:
Right click the My Computer icon
Take properties
Take Computer name tab
Add the system to lap.work domain
you will be prompted for a username and password. Give root and its password.
System may need to restart
you can see that when we are logged as user1 a directory user1 will be created in /home/profiles
in samba PDC machine. This will be the home directory of that user. He will he able to login
from all machines in this domain and will be getting to this same directory.
:)
RedHat /Cent OS/ Fedora/ Ubuntu TOP command
TOP
Top command provides a real-time look at what is happening with your system. Top produces so much output that a new user may get over whelmed with all thats presented and what it means.
Lets take a look at TOP one line at a time. The server has been flooded with http requests to create some load on the server.
top output:
top - 22:09:08 up 14 min, 1 user, load average: 0.21, 0.23, 0.30
Tasks: 81 total, 1 running, 80 sleeping, 0 stopped, 0 zombie
Cpu(s): 9.5%us, 31.2%sy, 0.0%ni, 27.0%id, 7.6%wa, 1.0%hi, 23.7%si, 0.0%st
Mem: 255592k total, 167568k used, 88024k free, 25068k buffers
Swap: 524280k total, 0k used, 524280k free, 85724k cached
PID USER PR NI VIRT RES SHR S %CPU %MEM TIME+ COMMAND
3166 apache 15 0 29444 6112 1524 S 6.6 2.4 0:00.79 httpd
3161 apache 15 0 29444 6112 1524 S 5.9 2.4 0:00.79 httpd
3164 apache 15 0 29444 6112 1524 S 5.9 2.4 0:00.75 httpd
3169 apache 15 0 29444 6112 1524 S 5.9 2.4 0:00.74 httpd
3163 apache 15 0 29444 6112 1524 S 5.6 2.4 0:00.76 httpd
3165 apache 15 0 29444 6112 1524 S 5.6 2.4 0:00.77 httpd
3167 apache 15 0 29444 6112 1524 S 5.3 2.4 0:00.73 httpd
3162 apache 15 0 29444 6112 1524 S 5.0 2.4 0:00.77 httpd
3407 root 16 0 2188 1012 816 R 1.7 0.4 0:00.51 top
240 root 15 0 0 0 0 S 0.3 0.0 0:00.08 pdflush
501 root 10 -5 0 0 0 S 0.3 0.0 0:01.20 kjournald
2794 root 18 0 12720 1268 560 S 0.3 0.5 0:00.73 pcscd
1 root 15 0 2060 636 544 S 0.0 0.2 0:03.81 init
2 root RT -5 0 0 0 S 0.0 0.0 0:00.00 migration/0
3 root 34 19 0 0 0 S 0.0 0.0 0:00.00 ksoftirqd/0
4 root RT -5 0 0 0 S 0.0 0.0 0:00.00 watchdog/0
5 root 10 -5 0 0 0 S 0.0 0.0 0:00.07 events/0
The first line in top:
top - 22:09:08 up 14 min, 1 user, load average: 0.21, 0.23, 0.30
“22:09:08″ is the current time; “up 14 min” shows how long the system has been up for; “1 user” how many users are logged in; “load average: 0.21, 0.23, 0.30″ the load average of the system (1minute, 5 minutes, 15 minutes).
Load average is an extensive topic and to understand its inner workings can be daunting. The simplest of definitions states that load average is the cpu utilization over a period of time. A load average of 1 means your cpu is being fully utilized and processes are not having to wait to use a CPU. A load average above 1 indicates that processes need to wait and your system will be less responsive. If your load average is consistently above 3 and your system is running slow you may want to upgrade to more CPU’s or a faster CPU.
The second line in top:
Tasks: 82 total, 1 running, 81 sleeping, 0 stopped, 0 zombie
Shows the number of processes and their current state.
The third lin in top:
Cpu(s): 9.5%us, 31.2%sy, 0.0%ni, 27.0%id, 7.6%wa, 1.0%hi, 23.7%si, 0.0%st
Shows CPU utilization details. “9.5%us” user processes are using 9.5%; “31.2%sy” system processes are using 31.2%; “27.0%id” percentage of available cpu; “7.6%wa” time CPU is waiting for IO.
When first analyzing the Cpu(s) line in top look at the %id to see how much cpu is available. If %id is low then focus on %us, %sy, and %wa to determine what is using the CPU.
The fourth and fifth lines in top:
Mem: 255592k total, 167568k used, 88024k free, 25068k buffers Swap: 524280k total, 0k used, 524280k free, 85724k cached
Describes the memory usage. These numbers can be misleading. “255592k total” is total memory in the system; “167568K used” is the part of the RAM that currently contains information; “88024k free” is the part of RAM that contains no information; “25068K buffers and 85724k cached” is the buffered and cached data for IO.
So what is the actual amount of free RAM available for programs to use ?
The answer is: free + (buffers + cached)
88024k + (25068k + 85724k) = 198816k
How much RAM is being used by progams ?
The answer is: used – (buffers + cached)
167568k – (25068k + 85724k) = 56776k
The processes information:
Top will display the process using the most CPU usage in descending order. Lets describe each column that represents a process.
PID USER PR NI VIRT RES SHR S %CPU %MEM TIME+ COMMAND 3166 apache 15 0 29444 6112 1524 S 6.6 2.4 0:00.79 httpd
PID – process ID of the process
USER – User who is running the process
PR – The priority of the process
NI – Nice value of the process (higher value indicates lower priority)
VIRT – The total amount of virtual memory used
RES – Resident task size
SHR – Amount of shared memory used
S – State of the task. Values are S (sleeping), D (uninterruptible sleep), R (running), Z(zombies), or T (stopped or traced)
%CPU – Percentage of CPU used
%MEM – Percentage of Memory used
TIME+ – Total CPU time used
COMMAND – Command issued
Interacting with TOP
Now that we are able to understand the output from TOP lets learn how to change the way the output is displayed.
Just press the following key while running top and the output will be sorted in real time.
M – Sort by memory usage
P – Sort by CPU usage
T – Sort by cumulative time
z – Color display
k – Kill a process
q – quit
If we want to kill the process with PID 3161, then press “k” and a prompt will ask you for the PID number, and enter 3161.
Command Line Parameters with TOP
You can control what top displays by issuing parameters when you run top.
- d – Controls the delay between refreshes
- p – Specify the process by PID that you want to monitor
-n – Update the display this number of times and then exit
If we want to only monitor the http process with a PID of 3166
$ top -p 3166
If we want to change the delay between refreshes to 5 seconds
$ top -d 5
Thursday, December 9, 2010
Howto Convert Ext3 filesystem to Ext4 Filesystem without Reinstalling OS in Fedora/CentOS/Ubuntu
Things to remember
First, unmount the partition: umount /dev/sda2 (change sda2 with your Drive)
Next, run a filesystem check on it to make sure it is in sane condition.
- Unmount the filesystem before convert
- Filesystem must be non-root
First, unmount the partition: umount /dev/sda2 (change sda2 with your Drive)
Next, run a filesystem check on it to make sure it is in sane condition.
fsck.ext3 -pf /dev/sda2Enable new features of ext4 on the filesystem
tune2fs -O extents,uninit_bg,dir_index /dev/sda2Run a filesystem check. to make sure that the filesystem is now clean.
fsck -pf /dev/sda2Now edit your /etc/fstab file and replace "ext3" with "ext4" for /dev/sda1. Other options may differ for your system.
/dev/sda2 /disk ext4 defaults 0 2Try to mount your new ext4 filesystem: mount /disk
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